Costo de visa H-1B y 6 problemas para patrocinar

Costo de visa H-1B y 6 problemas para patrocinar La visa H-1B es adecuada para muchos perfiles de trabajadores extranjeros profesionales. Sin embargo las empresas son reacias a patrocinarlas por el costo y otros problemas. En este articulo se explica por quà © muchas  compaà ±Ãƒ ­as americanas rechazan incluso la posibilidad de patrocinar una visa H-1B o lo hacen muy restrictivamente. Eso es asà ­ sin menoscabo de que otras, generalmente grandes, sà ­ que optan por patrocinar aà ±o tras aà ±o. Costo de las visas H-1B Las empresas deben pagar al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) una cuota por completar el formulario I-129 conocido en inglà ©s como Petition of a Noimmigrant Worker como paso previo a la obtencià ³n de la visa H-1B.   Las empresas entre 1 y 25 empleados a tiempo completo deben pagar actualmente $1,575, que puede incrementarse en cualquier momento. Sin embargo si la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a tiene ms de 25 empleados el costo se eleva a $2,325.   Adems, si se desea acelerar el proceso de tramitacià ³n es necesario pagar una cuota premium para asegurar una respuesta en el plazo de 15 dà ­as. Esto tiene un costo adicional de $1,225. Son las empresas las que tienen que correr con esos gastos. Es ilegal que el trabajador extranjero se haga cargo de ellos. Adems, hay que sumar el costo de abogados. 6 problemas para las empresas asociados a la visa H-1B Adems del costo, hay ms razones por las que las empresas prefieren no patrocinar. Entre ellos destacan por su importancia los siguientes 6: 1. La incertidumbre es otro de los factores que ms pesa a los empleadores para no solicitar una visa H-1B para un trabajador extranjero. Y es que salvo en el caso de instituciones u organizaciones que se dedican a la educacià ³n o a la investigacià ³n y que estn excluidas del là ­mite anual de visas H-1B la mayorà ­a de las empresas se encuentran con el hecho de que patrocinar a un trabajador no quiere decir, ni mucho menos, que vaya a obtener la visa. La razà ³n es que cada aà ±o fiscal hay un nà ºmero mayor de solicitantes que de visas disponibles, con lo que en los à ºltimos aà ±os se ha tenido que decidir mediante loterà ­a quià ©nes obtienen la visa. Y las empresas que necesitan a un trabajador no pueden estar limitados por la suerte o mala suerte que implica una loterà ­a. Una vez que la visa est solicitada es posible verificar su estatus online. 2. El tiempo es otra razà ³n de peso. Y es que para anotarse para la visa el plazo comienza cada aà ±o el 1 de abril. Sin embargo, aunque se gane el sorteo de la loterà ­a, no se puede comenzar a trabajar con la visa H-1B antes del 1 de octubre, es decir, con el inicio del nuevo aà ±o fiscal. De esta regla sà ³lo estn exentos las empresas no sujetas al cupo anual mximo de visas y pueden solicitar trabajadores a lo largo de todo el aà ±o. 3. El salario del trabajador es caro. La empresa tiene que ofrecer al trabajador extranjero lo que se conoce como sueldo predominante o en inglà ©s  Prevailing Wage. Para conocer cul el es el sueldo predominante para una determinada profesià ³n segà ºn el lugar de trabajo, la empresa que desea patrocinar puede consultar con el NPWC, que es una oficina del gobierno. Otra opcià ³n es consultar la Biblioteca Online de Salarios que se conoce en inglà ©s por las siglas de OWL. El requisito del salario predominante en la prctica puede suponer que podrà ­a encontrar un trabajador estadounidense o residente permanente ms barato. En la actualidad hay rumores de que con el gobierno de Trump una de las reformas migratorias afectar a la H-1B y precisamente en este punto y se han filtrado borradores en el que se indican sueldos superiores a los $130 mil como requisitos para una H-1B, si bien a dà ­a de hoy esto son solo especulaciones. 4. La empresa patrocinadora de una visa H-1B est sujeta a auditorà ­as por parte del Departamento de Trabajo (DoL por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y del Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s).   Adems, est obligada a mantener ciertos rà ©cords pà ºblicos. En otras palabras, las empresas que patrocinan este tipo de visas atraen sobre sà ­ un escrutinio adicional que no tienen las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as no patrocinadoras. 5. Si por cualquier razà ³n la empresa da por terminado antes de tiempo el contrato del trabajador que se encuentra en Estados Unidos con una visa H-1B, es responsable de pagar el ticket de regreso a su paà ­s del ex empleado. 6. Finalmente, un gran inconveniente para las empresas es que patrocinando una visa H-1B no resuelven de modo definitivo su necesidad por un trabajador con un determinado perfil. Y es que estas visas tienen una duracià ³n de 3 aà ±os ampliables por otros 3. Llegado ese momento el trabajador sale de Estados Unidos o la empresa le patrocina una tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Pero el patrocinio lleva aparejado ms trmites legales, como la peticià ³n de un Labor Certification, ms gestiones migratorias y, consiguientemente, ms gastos. Conclusià ³n y opciones a la visa H-1B En la prctica las visas H-1B no son fciles de obtener, no solo por la loterà ­a que implica un grado de suerte sino tambià ©n porque muchas empresas son reacias a iniciar el proceso debido a todos los problemas e inconvenientes que conlleva.   En este punto destacar que los chilenos tienen una cuota de visas H-1B reservada para ellos y que eso es un punto a favor, porque no entran a la loterà ­a y se pueden pedir en cualquier momento del aà ±o, es decir, cuando la empresa tiene la necesidad. Finalmente destacar que en el caso de profesionalistas mexicanos, un buen nà ºmero de profesiones permiten solicitar la visa TN. Por otro lado, para los profesionales de cualquier paà ­s con cualidades excepcionales en la Educacià ³n, Ciencias, Cine o Televisià ³n, Empresas, Artes o Deportes la visa O puede ser una buena opcià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

'How can participatory approaches influence all aspects of young Essay

'How can participatory approaches influence all aspects of young children's rights' - Essay Example However, when dealing with children, it is crucial that their rights are respected especially since they are the weak members of society and are currently unable to fend for themselves. Hence, it is important that people or agencies that have children as a component of what they do must take note that children have rights too and are fully entitled to these rights. As mentioned, with everybody else, they have their rights from birth and must never be discriminated. Freeman (1996) further emphasizes this point stating that despite the importance and extreme value of these rights, these are automatically owned. People must not work for these rights, toil; beg much more bleed for these rights. As such, though incapable of working and are generally dependent, children must be accorded these rights. Human rights are very important. Hence, the United Nations (UN) has crafted its declaration ratified by different country members to ensure its protection. It is through this declaration that the UN protects the rights of individuals as they continually support efforts and provide recognition for this birth right of everyone (United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN 2011). However, since children are still unable to care for themselves much more know and defend their rights, the United Nations (UN) have put forth the Convention for the Rights of the Child (CRC) to provide additional protection that will ensure that children’s rights are upheld. Additionally, the CRC calls for the participation of children so that these rights may be practiced. The CRC also recognizes that adults play a crucial role for the rights to be enjoyed by every child (Nurick and Johnson, 2001). Main Body Recognizing Rights Early On As mentioned, rights are not given to anybody in the course of their lifetime hence it is not something to be taken away. These rights are born with every individual. Thus, it is important that appreciation of these rights start early for children. It then makes the integration of children’s rights during early child development crucial for the formative development of children. During these times, programs are utilized to influence the circumstances surrounding children as they grow up. Of course the family is considered since it is the immediate environment of the child. Then, the community is likewise considered and of course the institutions that are necessary for the early development of the child such as the availability of health centers and schools and the quality of service these institutions provide. Moreover, policies are also considered since these will impact on the opportunities for development as well as the protection of children’s rights (Arnold 2001). Policies play a key role since these is where funding for early childhood development comes from. An example would be the funding of the federal government of British Colombia (BC) so that there will be budget allocation to care for the unborn through pregnancy support, birth and on infancy. The government also supports parenting and the family and makes provisions for the improvement of the community and for early childhood development as well as children’s education and care. The support will really play a big role especially if this is calibrated with the

Regulatory and Economic Environment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Regulatory and Economic Environment - Term Paper Example In fact, a somewhat 'hands-on' approach is used in order to have a say in the economy by the government. The regulatory framework in India is to provide accounting information so that the government can execute planning and managing of corporate behaviors. All companies are expected to be honest about their accounting practices irrespective of how big or small they are. Types of business organizations: Roberts, Weetman and Gordon stated, "an important economic feature influencing accounting is the type of business organization that dominates the economy. Two features of business organizations are particularly important in helping to explain accounting rules practices: stated that in India the business can be categorized into very large business houses, medium business organizations and very small businesses. There are many family-owned businesses too. Contrary to the popular belief the family-owned businesses in India are not always small. In fact, the largest business house in this country is a family business. Hence the regulatory framework is based on the size of the business organization. ...In fact the implementation of the International Accounting Standard - IAS 41Agriculture can be attributed to the pressure from agriculturally rich countries like India. India is growing by leaps and bounds in technical sectors and foreign trade and investments. Many multinational companies have opened their doors to India. So accounting regulations are also issued in the interest of foreign currency transactions and translation. Legal factor: India operates largely on the common law legal system but incorporates religious laws too. According to Institutional Shareholder Services, "India's Companies Act has been in place since 1956 and sets out the current three-tier system of administration on the national state and regional level" (para.5). The main purpose of common law in this country is to protect the owners of the companies.  

Information Systems in Retail and Fashion: Zara

Information Systems in Retail and Fashion: Zara Fashion industry is one of the most competitive markets with many competitions between companies and brands. Among those, Zara from Inditex has stood out as a unique organization with special knowledge and abilities in revolutionary supply chance, processes, management style and implementation of Information and Information Technology. This report aims to analyse the reason and the contribution of Information System and Information Technology in this success. INTRODUCTION Recently Inditex, the parent company that owns Zara, has received new members to the Board of Directors who have vast experience and knowledge of finance. However they have little understanding about the Fashion Industry and Information Technology. The intention of the following report is to give the new members a concise overview of the fashion industry, Zara and the importance of the relation they have with Information Technology. In order to do that, this report will cover topics such as, the Fashion Industry, the success of Zara in the Fashion Industry, the importance of Supply Management in Zaras success and the use of Information Technology in Zaras fashion business model. BODY Fashion a competitive industry The fashion world is very complex; it is not only about the appearance. There are many factors which contribute to the fashion industry such as: culture, style, creativity and many more. The fashion world is competitive because different people have different taste. Businesses wants to capture the trend to suit peoples desire before their competitors. The clothing reflects on the personality and characteristic of the person, which therefore creates options for businesses as they can choose their preferred target. This could also be due to the culture impact as this is where a persons personality is developed. This is one reason as to why the fashion industry produces different type products. Also businesses depends on the BIG BRAND fashion shows, so they can create new styles which are similar to those seen on the show to attract more customers. Also businesses needs to be able to keep up with the trend in order stratify their customers, as fashion world changing frequently. Clothes can reflect on your social status which can be clearly defined in the word brand. Brand is an additional reason which makes the fashion world competitive. Rich people will feel good to have luxury goods which are called big brands because their status are reflected upon these. Well known brands present their product as high quality. Therefore the middle level brand and non brand forms, encourages people with lower purchasing power to buy clothes. Consequently everyone is able to buy clothes they desire. Success of Zara Zara is considered to be one of the pioneers of fast fashion industry and has been dominating the fashion industry across the world for almost two decades. Some aspects that lead to Zaras success are as follows: Zara is able to adapt to the changing market trends very quickly and meet the customer demands based on the research on current market trends. One of the important key factors that were essential for the success of Zara was, they had their art head quarters with designers, factories and distribution centres all onsite. While most of the competitors moved Far East for much cheaper production, Zara decided to make the clothes at Spain to reduce the lead times and could also make the clothes faster and get them to stores at much faster rate. Another aspect is to supply small amounts to each store and monitor which design sold more and produce the design that makes the maximum sale, instead of holding stocks at inventory. The store managers take the task of monitoring the design which sells more and transform it to production managers and they decide how many garments are to be manufactured and transported to the local shops. Zara maintained a short lead time to keep up with the fast fashion supply chain and always a step ahead when compared with its competitors. From the indentifying step to final product only take 30-days. Key processes and Information Systems contribution The important processes are: Ordering: is done based on current market trends and customer feedbacks. Designing: based on the orders given. Manufacturing: After manufacturing the clothes are sent to the distribution centres. Distribution: From the distribution centres the garments are sent to the stores. Improvement of process using IT: It saves lot of time Handwork is reduced Information flow being made easier Information is kept in the computer database Information Systems and Information Technology Unlike other companies have to spend large amount of money to gain advantages from Information Technology and then pay more money to maintain it, Inditex invests very little on Information System which is referred to simple Technologies Application at Inditex are written and maintained by an IT staff of 50, which accounts for less than 0.5% of the companys workforce (McAfee, A 2004). Part of Zaras Information System focuses on the communication between its retailers stores and the head-quarter in La Coruà ±a. Every store of Zara is equipped with the PDAs and DOS based point-of-sales (POS) software so that every order from customer will transfer directly to the head-quarter for analysis purposes. This system is also used for collecting customer comments and opinions on styles and design thus will be used to support the design team to provide exactly products that meet the real-time needs of markets demand. Another use of Information System in Zara is that the stores manager can order goods concerned to quantitative and design which they think will sell best for their local markets. However, this information transferring process is not using more complex technology than dial-up internet to transmit the information twice a week. Also, based on the Annual Report for Stakeholders (2007) Inditex mentioned the implementation of Store Management Terminal (SMT) at every store to strengthen the communication within store, warehouse and management department. Another recent implementation of Information System is the Internet Store (www.ZaraHome.com) which is brought out as receiving online orders and feedbacks from customers. Besides that, computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) that converts designs into tangible products. Designers use the CAD/CAM to quickly make the final products based on customers demands. Role of Information System and Information Technology One of the particular characteristic, known as a unique and a pioneer, of Zara is reduced time in whole process from customers demands to shipping fulfilled products to stores, supply chain. Like fashion shows in Paris, Zara uses this fashion to draw the designs, transmit these designs to Spain, and finalise them within 15 days; whereas, this process takes about six weeks for other competitors do, according to Folpe (2000). One of the methods of reducing lead time is the implementation of Information Technology Zara staffs have to use Information System in this process: Computer hardware and software are used to design and store design patterns. Computers and internet are used to transmit these designs to Spain. Computers and internet are used to communicate; emails, VoIP, video conferences. Information Technology is used to monitor, manage, and process whole process of making products. The robotic system in factory is used to cut fabrics, software or program is used to control robot in terms of cutting fabrics, printing image on products, packing clothes, and controlling conveyer belts as well. Information system is also used to communicate with suppliers where to get materials, with divisions of operation inside the factory to run whole process effectively and efficiently, and with distributors for shipping as well. As part of the important processes. Recording feedbacks from customers is crucial. And it has been strengthened by the implementation of Information Technology. As Jessup and Valacich (2008) said that Information System/ Technology can help to do things faster, better, smarter. Zara has considered as successful example of information and technology ethically. Could Zara be successful without Information Technology? Many companies in the fashion industry are based on a demand-driven and network based supply chain where data-flow and effectiveness delivery of products are crucial to success. This success in the fashion industry cannot be achieved without a significant investment Information technology. Information technology overcomes communication barriers and helps to interconnect all the entities in the supply chain by sharing information. These facts demonstrate the important role that a proper Information technology investment has in the success of an organization in the fashion industry. Recommended improvement in Information Technology and Information System More effective improvements in Information System could support Zara as it could support the relationship and communication with other companies and within Zara. These advantages can be done by the implementation of new Information Technology and Information System: Maintaining the producing process always stay at the top performance by supporting stock supplying through better understanding with the material suppliers, scheduling the delivery time more efficient, or technical support immediate associate with manufacturing engines problems. Supporting expanse and off-shoring decision by make sure the head-quarter can monitoring the business as well as understanding the new market through analysing sales and customers feedbacks. Investment in building private information network within the organization will maximise the ability of flowing of information, efficient management and better security. Security in Zara Data safety: In case of system crashed or any thread that can destroy data. Inditexs report (2007) written there are contingency systems in the event of computer stoppage, with double equipment and data storage in a different location to the main Centre, which would reduce the consequences of a breakdown or stoppage to a margin of just a few hours. Information security: By using of hardware and software, Zara can avoid destruction of virus, stealing from spyware. Operation safety: Robotics system does not only cut down time of process but also limit accidents that may cause by workers mistakes. Transaction security: any payment from customers paid by cards need to be secured and any online transaction as well. Communication amongst branches: make sure that communication system amongst branches around the world is uninterrupted. The role of supply chain management Since fashion tendencies are short-lived, the success of a company in the fashion industry lies on its ability to meet demand and respond quickly to fluctuations and change (Strategic Direction, 2005). This success is only possible if an excellent agile supply chain management system is present to respond to these demands. Supply Chain Management is an approach to control and join together all the activities, it also improves the connection between all the entities in the chain supply, by the linkage of all the departments leads to fast and proper delivery of high quality products. Liz Barnes and Gaynor Lea-Greenwood (2006) stated that management strategy moves to achieve success and respond demands along with fluctuations in the market: Just-in-Time, agile supply chain and quick responsive systems. Just-in-time , according to Bruce (2004), is a term in that defines the ( delivery of finished goods to meet demand without carrying up front supply chain inventory , but in time to meet market demand. This is retailer driven concept aimed at reducing costs for businesses in the supply chain). Agile Supply Chains, the concept of agility in the supply chain management is centred on responsiveness (Christopher et al., 2004); as it was mention before the fashion industry is unstable and unpredictable, therefore the ability of being responsive in this industry is a crucial factor for any companys success. It was proposed by Harrison (Christopher et al, cited in Harrison 1999) that an agile supply chain has the following characteristics: Market sensitive: the capability of read and respond to real demand and capturing emerging trends by analysing point-of-sale data from customers feedback. Virtual: an agile supply chain is virtual for the reason that connects and shares information on real demand between all the partners in the supply chain, this contributes to collaborative planning. Network-based: it means working closely with other specialists, for instance Zara, which assigns all its finishing stages of manufacturing to small subcontractors. Process aligned: is the ability of an agile supply chain to have a high degree of process interconnectivity and cooperation between network members. Quick response is a key strategy in the fast fashion market that focuses on the ability of an organisation to provide the customer the same quantity of different range of high quality products at the right time, the right place and the right price. This is achieved because of the real-time customer/ consumer demand system, where the clients feedback influences decisions in the manufacturing, distribution and speed of delivery processes. Risky in supply chance management Zaras current model of supply chain has endured for more than two decades and has generated multiple successes for the company. On the other hand, this approach could create some risks for the company. Michael A. Lewis (2004) explores what could be a possible risk in the supply chain; Zara is characterized by exclusivity and maintaining limited supply, consequently for instance, a costumer that often buy at Zara finds a new product but is in limited supply, this customer likes what he wants but feels pressure because if it does not get it immediately, it is certain that it will lose the chance to purchase it in the near future. As a consequence some of Zaras costumers will be left out. E-commerce for Zara Zara has archived tremendous success with its retail stores over the world. So should it expanses on the online market? The yes side: Zara could get in touch with foreign markets that have not been reached so far. Improvement in customer satisfaction will lead to better reputation. Using internet based sales can be considered a good way of advertisement. Providing opportunity for customer to check new products. Earn more profit from selling rather than focus on retail stores. Easier to get feedbacks and requests from customers on specific or general products. The no side: Cost associated with delivery will become a huge burden for business. More sophisticated in management. Heavily investment on Information System / Technology is required to gain benefits and overcome security issues. Increasing in threats of losing confidential information. Style copying from competitors is also a problem. Customer may not passionate with this new type of transaction since most people prefer to try on products before making decision. CONCLUSION To conclude, the success of Zara is formed by the outstanding management in supply chance and processes and the brilliant in implementation of Information System. By understanding deeply the use and meaning of Information System, Zara has applied and improved its use to build up the certain victory in this highly competition environment. However, Zara should think of improvements in suitable Information System and Technology to gain more competition advantages in the future. REFERENCE LIST Barnes, L., Lea-Greenwood, G. (2006, July). Fast fashioning the supply chain: shaping the research agenda. Journal of Fashion Marketing Management, 10(3), 259-271, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, ISSN 13612026, Viewed 15 April 2009. Clive, Edwards, Sore Wars: Fast Fashion, BBC learning. Creating agile supply chains in the fashion industry. (2004). International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Retrieved April 28, 2009, E-Journals, EBSCOhost, ISSN 09590552, Viewed 15 April 2009. Echikson, W (2000), The Mark Of Zara, Issue 3683, 29 May, p98 100, 2p. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, ISSN 00077135, Viewed 10 April 2009. Ferdows, K, Lewis, M , Machuca, J (2004) Harvard Business Review, Academic Search complete Nov2004, Vol. 82 Issue 11, p104-110. Viewed 15 April 2009. Ferdows, K., Lewis, M., Machuca, J. (2003). Zara. Supply Chain Forum: International Journal; 2003, Vol. 4 Issue 2, p62-66, 5p, 1 graph, 3 bw, Business Source Complete, -EBSCOhost , ISSN 16246039, viewed 20 April 2009. Ferdows, K., Lewis, M., Machuca, J. (2004). Rapid-Fire Fulfillment. Harvard Business Review, 82(11), 104-110. Retrieved April 28, 2009, Health Business Fulltext Elite, EBSCOhost, ISSN 00178012, Viewed 15 April 2009. Folpe, Jane M (2000), Zara Has a Made-to-Order Plan for Success, Vol. 142 Issue 5, April, p80-80, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, ISSN 00158259. Viewed 15 April 2009. How Zara fashions its supply chain: Home is where the heart is. (2005). Strategic Direction, Retrieved April 28, 2009, E-Journals, EBSCOhost, ISSN 02580543, Viewed 15 April 2009. Inditex 2007, Annual Report 2007. Inditex 2008 Press Kit (2008). Jessup, L. and Valcich, J. (2008), Information System Today: Managing in The Digital World, 3rd Ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. McAfee, A. (2004). Do You Have Too Much IT?. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(3), 18-22., Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, ISSN 15329194, viewed 20 April 2009. Textile and apparel supply chain management in Hong Kong. (2006). International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, Retrieved April 28, 2009, E-Journals, EBSCOhost, ISSN 09556222, Viewed 15 April 2009. The future of fast fashion. (2005). Economist, June 18, Vol. 375 Issue 8431, p57-58, 2p, 1 graph, 1 color, Humanities International Complete, EBSCOhost, ISSN 0013061, Viewed 20April 2009. APPENDIX Appendex 1 Zara ´s Architectural team (Inditexs annual report 2007, p.34) Appendix 2 Inditexs conferences (Inditexs annual report 2007, p.132) Appendix 3 Computer room in headquarter in Spain (BBC-Store Wars) How Light Reacts Through Different Mediums | Experiment How Light Reacts Through Different Mediums | Experiment Audry Alburquerque Abstract: The goal of this experiment was to determine how does light react when it travels through different mediums. The student had to answer one question: â€Å"How does light react as it goes through lenses and as it traverses liquids?† And her possible hypotheses were: â€Å"If I use the Geometric Optics program to see how light reacts when passing through different lenses, then I will see that light either converges, concave lenses, or diverges, concave lenses, because light either reflects or refracts and If I use Bending Light software to see how light reacts when passing through a fluid, then I will be able to see that it bends depending on the angle because of the law of refraction and the index of refraction. In an experiment in which the student used the Geometric Optics program and the Bending Light program, she concluded that her hypothesis was right, because as she changed the mediums in the virtual lab, light’s direction changed. Lab 12.8 – Light: During this experiment, the student had to find out how does light react as it goes through lenses and as it traverses liquids. In order to answer this question, she created two hypotheses: If I use the Geometric Optics program to see how light reacts when passing through different lenses, then I will see that light either converges, concave lenses, or diverges, concave lenses, because light either reflects or refracts and If I use Bending Light software to see how light reacts when passing through a fluid, then I will be able to see that it bends depending on the angle because of the law of refraction and the index of refraction. The relationship between the focal length f, image distance di, and object distance do is a formula: 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f. In a spherical mirror, an object or image behind the mirror has negative distance and is virtual.The focal length of a convex mirror is negative and the image distance is always negative. An object placedfarther or closer than the focal point in front of a convex mirror produces a reduced, upright, virtual image. An object that is closer to the concave mirror than the focal point always produces an enlarged and virtual image. An object that is beyond the focal point always produces an inverted, real image. Rays of light that pass through the convex lens move closer together or converge. Rays of light that pass through the concave lens spread out or diverge. (Nirenberg, Kim, Kim, Sect. 20.2) The Lensmaker’s equation is: P = 1/f = (n-1) (1/R1 1/R2 + (n-1) d/nR1R1). The spherometer consists of a base circle of three outer legs, a ring, or the equivalent, havi ng a known radius of the base circle, a central leg, and a reading device for measuring the distance the central leg is moved.(Wikipedia, 2014) Three principal rays form part in the construction of ray diagrams for convex mirrors: a ray that would pass through the focal point is reflected parallel to the principal axis; a ray that is parallel to the principal axis reflects as if in line with the focal point; a ray that would pass through the center of curvature is reflected back upon itself. (Nirenberg, Kim, Kim, Sect. 20.2) The minimum value that the index of refraction can have is 1. The index of refraction of air is: 1.000293, water: 1.3330, ordinary glass: 1.50, and polycarbonate plastic: 1.5849. (Wikipedia, 2014) The speed of light in a vacuum is 3.00 x 108 m/s. (Nirenberg, Kim, Kim, Sect. 19.4) The relationship between the speed of light and the index of refraction is the formula: n = c/v. (HyperPhysics, 2012) Methods: The student used a computer, Geometric Optics simulation program, and Bending light simulation program. She ran both programs: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/geometric-optics and http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/bending-light and tried to learn how to use them. The student analyzed the differences that exist between a real image and a virtual image. Later, using the ruler, she gathered data to solve for focal distance and magnification of the lens using the mirror formula. Later she opened http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/bending-light and familiarized with the program. She recorded what happened when she changed the index of refraction of one or two materials. The student also analyzed which tool was better for measuring angles, and what beam was better also for the angles. After following each possible step properly, the class ended, so the student had to continue her methods at her house on the following days. Results/Data Collection/Calculations: Lens’s refractive index (n): 1.8 and the radius of curvature (R): 0.7m. 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f = 1/120.0cm +1/66.0cm = 0.023cm-1 = 43.5cm M = -di/do = -66.0cm/120.0cm = -0.550 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f = 1/90.0cm + 1/81.0cm = 0.023cm-1 = 43.5cm M = -di/do = -81.0cm/90.0cm = -0.900 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f = 1/60.0cm + 1/148.9cm = 0.023cm-1 = 43.5cm M = -di/do = -148.9cm/60.0cm = -2.48 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f = 1/30.0cm + 1/-88.0cm = 0.022cm-1 = 45.5cm M = -di/do = 88.0cm/30.0cm = 2.93 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f = 1/15.0cm + 1/-11.9cm = -0.017cm-1 = -58.8cm M = -di/do = 11.9cm/15.0cm = 0.793 Lens’s refractive index (n): 1.25 and the radius of curvature (R): 0.80m 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f = 1/120.0 + 1/130.0cm = 0.016cm-1 = 62.5cm M = -di/do = -130.0cm/120.0cm = -1.083 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f = 1/90.0cm + 1/110cm = 0.020cm-1 = 50cm M = -di/do = -110cm/90.0cm = -1.22 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f = 1/60.0cm + 1/80.0cm = 0.029cm-1 = 34.5cm M = -di/do = -80.0cm/60.0cm = -1.33 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f = 1/30.0cm + 1/45.0cm = 0.056cm-1 = 17.9cm M = -di/do = -45.0cm/30.0cm = -1.50 1/ do + 1/di = 1/f = 1/15.0cm + 1/30.0cm = 0.100cm-1 = 10cm M = -di/do = -30.0cm/15.0cm = -2.00 Analysis/Discussion/Conclusion: The main goal of this experiment was to determine how does light react when it travels through different mediums. After she finished the experiment, she learned how light reacts as it goes through lenses and liquids. The student realized that both of her hypothesis were right: â€Å"If I use the Geometric Optics program to see how light reacts when passing through different lenses, then I will see that light either converges, concave lenses, or diverges, concave lenses, because light either reflects or refracts and If I use Bending Light software to see how light reacts when passing through a fluid, then I will be able to see that it bends depending on the angle because of the law of refraction and the index of refraction. Her conclusion was that these hypotheses were right because light does not behave the same through different materials, and the bending of the light that she predicted in her hypotheses matched with the virtual lab. The student learned that with the increasing of the index of refraction of a material, the focal distance decreased. In the Bending Light part when she had to measure angles, the protractor was the best tool. Geometric Optics and Bending Light programs are a little complex, but they are helpful when it comes to understanding how does light act depending on the circumstances. References: Boundless. (2014). The Lensmaker’s Equation. Boundless. Retrieved from https://www.boundless.com/physics/geometric-optics/lenses/the-lensmaker-s-equation/ HyperPhysics. (2012). Refraction of Light. C.R. Nave. Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/refr.html Nirenberg, I., Kim, J., Kim, J. (2013). CK-12 physics – intermediate. CK-12 Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-PhysicsIntermediate/r12/section/20.0/ Oocities.org. (2014). Ray Diagrams Pics. Oocities.org. Retrieved from http://www.oocities.org/rjwarren_stm/2P4/RayDiagramsPics.gif Phet. (2013). Geometric optics. University of Colorado. Retrieved from http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/geometric-optics Phet. (2013). Bending light. University of Colorado. Retrieved from http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/bending-light Wikipedia. (January 28, 2014). List of refractive indices. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_refractive_indices#List Wikipedia. (November 18, 2013). Spherometer. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherometer

Importance of blood donation Essay

Begin with an interesting quotation related to your opinion about The American Red cross (You will need a transition here) – End the Intro paragraph with your thesis statement: Even though Not a lot of people donate blood even though they have time and energy to do so., Every person in this world should donate blood once. because It might be that one can need blood and sometimes hospitals run out of it. and Each time one gives a blood they can save three lives.. Body Paragraph or Section #1 Topic of the body thesis: Not a lot of people donate blood even though they have time and energy to do so. – Find evidence – like facts, examples, quotations, or statistics that back it up or support the topic sentence of this paragraph. – Explain how your evidence supports the topic sentence Another example that shows that Not a lot of people donate blood even though they have time and energy to do so. is†¦ – Find more evidence – facts, examples, quotations, or statistics that back it up or support the topic sentence of this paragraph. – Explain how this second piece of evidence supports the topic sentence. Body Paragraph or Section #2 Even though Not a lot of people donate blood even though they have time and energy to do so., Every person in this world should donate blood once. because It might be that one can need blood and sometimes hospitals run out of it.. – Find evidence – like facts, examples, quotations, or statistics that back it up or support the topic sentence of this paragraph. – Explain how your evidence supports the topic sentence Another example that shows that It might be that one can need blood and sometimes hospitals run out of it. is†¦ – Find more evidence – facts, examples, quotations, or statistics that back it up or support the topic sentence of this paragraph. – Explain how this second piece of evidence supports the topic sentence. Body Paragraph or Section #3 The most important reason Every person in this world should donate blood once. is because Each time one gives a blood they can save three lives.. – Find evidence – like facts, examples, quotations, or statistics that back it up or support the topic sentence of this paragraph. – Explain how your evidence supports the topic sentence Another example that shows that Each time one gives a blood they can save three lives. is†¦ – Find more evidence – facts, examples, quotations, or statistics that back it up or support the topic sentence of this paragraph. – Explain how this second piece of evidence supports the topic sentence. Conclusion So it is clear that although Not a lot of people donate blood even though they have time and energy to do so., Every person in this world should donate blood once. for two main reasons. First, It might be that one can need blood and sometimes hospitals run out of it.. But most importantly, Each time one gives a blood they can save three lives.. – Now you will return to your opening attention-getter from the introduction – Then end your essay with a powerful So What? statement.

The Definitive Solution for Capstone Paper Writing Service That You Can Find Out About Today

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The Riot, The Pullman Strike, And The Homestead Strike

In the late 1800s and the early 1900s, labor was anything but easy. Factory workers faced long hours, low pay, high unemployment fears, and poor working conditions during this time. Life today is much easier in comparison to the late 1800s. Americans have shorter days, bigger pay and easier working conditions. Not comparable to how life is today, many riots sparked, and citizens began to fight for equal treatment. Along with other important events, the Haymarket Riot, the Pullman Strike, and the Homestead strike all play a vital role in illustrating labor’s struggle to gain fair and equitable treatment during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Treatment during the late 1800s is much different from how Americans are treated in daily life now.†¦show more content†¦Overall, in the 1900s workdays were long, pay was small and workers were worked hard. Now, work days are shortened, the pay is higher, and working conditions are much more ideal. In the 1800s and early 1900s working conditions were much harsher than now. Long hours and small wages made up a day in the life of someone living in the late 1800s to the early 1900s. The Haymarket Riot was the result of the bombing in Chicago. â€Å"In the summer 1886 the campaign for an eight-hour day, long a rallying cry that united American laborers, culminated in a national strike on May 1, 1886. Between 300,000 and 500,000 workers struck across the country. In Chicago, police forces killed several workers while breaking up protestors at the McCormick reaper works. Labor leaders and radicals called for a protest at Haymarket Square the following day, which police also proce eded to break up. But as they did, a bomb exploded and killed seven policemen. Police fired into the crowd, killing four. The deaths of the Chicago policemen sparked outrage across the nation and the sensationalization of the â€Å"Haymarket Riot† helped many Americans to associate unionism with radicalism† (Yawp). As a result of the Haymarket Riot was the loss of members of the Knight of Labor. â€Å"The national movement for an eight-hour day collapsed†(Yawp). The Haymarket Riot played an important role in illustrating how labor was in the late 1800s to theShow MoreRelatedCivil Railroad Strike : The Pullman Strike976 Words   |  4 Pages1800’s Strikes Pullman Strike: The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States on May 11, 1894. The American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, and the government of the United States, President Grover Cleveland. 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